Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from C. orchioides and study their antimicrobial efficacy

IntroductionNano refers to a nanometer (nm), i.e. one nanometer is a millionth of a millimeter or about one eighty thousandth the width of a human hair.At this dimension, materials exhibit novel properties that differ from both the isolated atom and bulk material, and largely depend on size of the particles [1].It is interdisciplinary involving chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, toxicology, etc. Common nanoparticles that are distributed in nature are such as proteins, enzymes and nano-sized particles present in the atmosphere that are useful for the survival of organisms [2].Nanobiotechnology is the multidisciplinary integrating biotechnology, nanotechnology, physical methodology and system engineering that is leading into production of biochips, molecular motors, nano crystals, and nanobiomaterials [3].Synthesis of nanoparticles can be carried out using various deals of efforts that have been put up for the search of methods utilizing the biological systems such as microorganisms and plants for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles [4].Various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeasts have come-up as nano factories that synthesize metal nanoparticles which have attracted interest because of the unique optical, thermal, electrical, chemical, and physical properties [5].