The use of testicular organoids in advancing future treatments for male factor infertility

Testicular organoids represent advanced in vitro platforms designed to recapitulate the complex structural and functional aspects of testicular tissues. Over the past decade, various methodologies employing hydrogels, extracellular matrices, microfluidics, and advanced culture conditions have been developed with the aim to generate robust organoid systems for the testis. These platforms have emerged as promising tools to study spermatogenesis, hormone regulation, reproductive toxicology, and infection dynamics. Despite considerable progress, significant hurdles remain regarding the precise replication and efficiency of spermatogenic processes, long-term viability, and the clinical translation of organoid technologies. This review aimed to summarize the current state-of-the-art testicular organoids culture techniques; outline species-specific advancements; evaluate their clinical potential, in areas such as fertility preservation strategies, regenerative medicine, and personalized therapeutic interventions; and discuss current limitations and strategies for refinement.