The implications of the diving response in altering carbon dioxide sensitivity as measured by changes in heart rate, respiration rate and psychological measures in panic disorder patients

Figures

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  Figure 1. Experimental procedure for data collection in the clinical and comparison groups.

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  Figure 2. Mean heart rate (SE) for all participants (clinical group n = 15, and comparison group n = 15) pre and post cold facial immersion (CFI) prior to CO2 at Time 3.

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  Figure 3. Box plot showing the median and interquartile range (IQR) for Acute Panic Inventory (API) scores in the Clinical and Comparison Groups (N = 30) at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. The boxes represent the IQR, with the median indicated by a horizontal line. Whiskers extend to values within 1.5 times the IQR, and asterisks denote significant differences (p <.05).

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  Figure 4. Box plot showing the median and interquartile range (IQR) for Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) scores in the Clinical and Comparison Groups (N = 30) at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. The boxes represent the IQR, with the median indicated by a horizontal line. Whiskers extend to values within 1.5 times the IQR, and asterisks denote significant differences (p <.05).

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  Figure 5. Box plot showing the median and interquartile range (IQR) for Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores in the Clinical and Comparison Groups (N = 30) at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. The boxes represent the IQR, with the median indicated by a horizontal line. Whiskers extend to values within 1.5 times the IQR, and asterisks denote significant differences (p <.05).

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  Figure 6. Box plot showing the median and interquartile range (IQR) for Panic Cognitions Questionnaire (PACQ) scores in the Clinical and Comparison Groups (N = 30) at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. The boxes represent the IQR, with the median indicated by a horizontal line. Whiskers extend to values within 1.5 times the IQR, and asterisks denote significant differences (p <.05).

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  Figure 7. Box plot showing the distribution of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores for the Clinical and Comparison Groups (N = 30) at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. The boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), with the median indicated by a horizontal line. Whiskers extend to values within 1.5 times the IQR, and asterisks denote significant differences (p <.05).

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  Figure 8. Box plot showing the median and interquartile range (IQR) for Visual Analog Scale – Participant (VAS-P) scores in the Clinical and Comparison Groups (N = 30) at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. The boxes represent the IQR, with the median indicated by a horizontal line. Whiskers extend to values within 1.5 times the IQR, and asterisks denote significant differences (p <.05).

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  Figure 9. Box plot showing the median and interquartile range (IQR) for Visual Analog Scale – Researcher (VAS-R) scores in the Clinical and Comparison Groups (N = 30) at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3. The boxes represent the IQR, with the median indicated by a horizontal line. Whiskers extend to values within 1.5 times the IQR, and asterisks denote significant differences (p <.05).