Early Repolarization: A Comparative Study of Demographic and Ethnic Differences

INTRODUCTION: Early repolarization (ER) is a prevalent electrocardiographic finding characterized by J-point elevation in the ST segment. While traditionally considered benign, recent research suggests that certain ER patterns may be linked to an increased risk of cardiac events, including sudden cardiac death. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and distribution of ER across various populations. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to May 2024, encompassing studies from EMBASE and PubMed. Data from 46 studies involving general population and 17 studies focusing on Black individuals were analyzed. Prevalence estimates were derived and compared across different demographics, including age groups and athletic status. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and t-tests to assess the relationship between ER prevalence and various factors. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of ER across 46 studies was 8.9±7.6%. A significant decline in prevalence with increasing age was observed (Pearson correlation coefficient -0.377, p = 0.015). ER was more prevalent in younger individuals, with a notable decrease in older populations. Among Black individuals, the mean prevalence of ER was significantly higher (22.7% ± 11.7) compared to the general population (8.98% ± 7.6, p < 0.001). Athletes exhibited a higher prevalence of ER (31.6% ± 17.6) compared to the general population (p < 0.001). Gender distribution did not significantly impact ER prevalence. CONCLUSION: ER is more common in younger individuals, Black populations, and athletes. The higher prevalence in athletes and Black individuals underscores the need for targeted research to understand the clinical implications and develop appropriate risk stratification strategies.