Advanced glycation end-products are associated with diabetic neuropathy in young adults with type 1 diabetes

Figures

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  Figure 1. Forest plot of the associations between “glycolytic dysfunction” and measures of diabetic neuropathy. Results are presented as estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Estimates show the percentage change in the outcomes for an increase of one unit of “glycolytic dysfunction”. Studies with confidence interval crossing the vertical line are inconclusive. Model 1 adjusted for age and gender, model 2 adjusted as model 1 + diabetes duration and HbA1c, and model 3 adjusted as model 2 + current smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and the use of beta blockers. CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; HR, heart rate; 30:15, lying-to-standing test; E:I, deep breathing test; VM, Valsalva Manoeuvre; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of the sum of the squares of differences between consecutive R-R intervals; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; VPT, vibration perception threshold; SNAP, sural nerve amplitude potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity; ESC, electrochemical skin conduction. *p < 0.05.

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  Figure 2. Forest plot of the associations between “lipid peroxidation” and measures of diabetic neuropathy. Results are presented as estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Estimates show the percentage change in the outcomes for an increase of one unit of “lipid peroxidation”. Studies with confidence interval crossing the vertical line are inconclusive. Model 1 adjusted for age and gender, model 2 adjusted as model 1 + diabetes duration and HbA1c, and model 3 adjusted as model 2 + current smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and the use of beta blockers. CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; HR, heart rate; 30:15, lying-to-standing test; E:I, deep breathing test; VM, Valsalva Manoeuvre; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of the sum of the squares of differences between consecutive R-R intervals; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; VPT, vibration perception threshold; SNAP, sural nerve amplitude potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity; ESC, electrochemical skin conduction. *p < 0.05.

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  Figure 3. Forest plot of the associations between “glucotoxicity” and measures of diabetic neuropathy. Results are presented as estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Estimates show the percentage change in the outcomes for an increase of one unit of “glucotoxicity”. Studies with confidence interval crossing the vertical line are inconclusive. Model 1 adjusted for age and gender, model 2 adjusted as model 1 + diabetes duration and HbA1c, and model 3 adjusted as model 2 + current smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and the use of beta blockers. CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; HR, heart rate; 30:15, lying-to-standing test; E:I, deep breathing test; VM, Valsalva Manoeuvre; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of the sum of the squares of differences between consecutive R-R intervals; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; VPT, vibration perception threshold; SNAP, sural nerve amplitude potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity; ESC, electrochemical skin conduction. *p < 0.05.

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  Figure 4. Forest plot of the associations between “dicarbonyls” and measures of diabetic neuropathy. Results are presented as estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Estimates show the percentage change in the outcomes for an increase of one unit of “dicarbonyls”. Studies with confidence interval crossing the vertical line are inconclusive. Model 1 adjusted for age and gender, model 2 adjusted as model 1 + diabetes duration and HbA1c, and model 3 adjusted as model 2 + current smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and the use of beta blockers. CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; HR, heart rate; 30:15, lying-to-standing test; E:I, deep breathing test; VM, Valsalva Manoeuvre; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of the sum of the squares of differences between consecutive R-R intervals; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; VPT, vibration perception threshold; SNAP, sural nerve amplitude potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity; ESC, electrochemical skin conduction. *p < 0.05.

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  Figure 5. Forest plot of the associations between “oxidative stress” and measures of diabetic neuropathy. Results are presented as estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Estimates show the percentage change in the outcomes for an increase of one unit of “oxidative stress”. Studies with confidence interval crossing the vertical line are inconclusive. Model 1 adjusted for age and gender, model 2 adjusted as model 1 + diabetes duration and HbA1c, and model 3 adjusted as model 2 + current smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and the use of beta blockers. CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; HR, heart rate; 30:15, lying-to-standing test; E:I, deep breathing test; VM, Valsalva Manoeuvre; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of the sum of the squares of differences between consecutive R-R intervals; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; VPT, vibration perception threshold; SNAP, sural nerve amplitude potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity; ESC, electrochemical skin conduction. *p < 0.05.