Unraveling the Role of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, with physical inactivity being a significant risk factor. The intensity and volume of physical activity (PA) are critical in reducing CVD risk and improving primary and secondary prevention outcomes. We conducted a narrative review, searching electronic databases such as PubMed using relevant keywords and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. This research utilized a comprehensive search to identify appropriate resources, such as university website links. We examine the impact of different PA intensities, including moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and vigorous physical activity (VPA), on CVD risk and mortality. It also evaluates the role of combined aerobic and resistance training in secondary prevention and explores potential risks associated with excessive VPA. MICT and VPA significantly reduce CVD risk, with VPA providing superior benefits by enhancing VO₂ max, endothelial function, and lipid profiles. For individuals with existing CVD, combining aerobic and resistance training substantially lowers mortality rates. While higher PA volumes reduce all-cause mortality, VPA intensity more effectively mitigates CVD risk. However, excessive VPA may increase oxidative stress and arrhythmia risk in susceptible individuals. Personalized PA plans that balance intensity and volume are essential for optimal cardiovascular health. Healthcare providers are pivotal in encouraging tailored PA regimens to maximize benefits while minimizing risks and supporting improved outcomes and longevity.