In codominant and suppressed trees in two red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in Simcoe County, Ontario, frost rings had formed at the start of most annual rings in the two internodes below the current leader until the trees were nearly 14-m tall. None occurred in the current shoot growth or below the sixth internode. They seldom formed when the stem radius (inside bark) exceeded 2 cm.
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D. C. F. Fayle (1981) studied this question.
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