Brown adipose tissue, anthropometric traits, and metabolic profiles in women with normal weight obesity

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Scatter plot of body mass index (BMI) versus body fat (BF) percentage. Scatter plot of BMI against BF for the normal-weight (closed circles), normal-weight obese (NWO; open circles), and obese (dotted squares) groups. The NWO group comprised 40% of all participants. Normal-weight group: 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 and BF < 30% (n = 30). NWO group: 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25, and BF ≥ 30% (n = 36). Obesity group: BMI ≥ 25 and BF ≥ 30% (n = 24).

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  Fig. 2. Measurement of fat area by computed tomography (CT). The fat area was measured using a single-slice CT at the level of the umbilicus. Subcutaneous fat area (a), visceral fat area (b), total fat area (c), and visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (d) in the normal-weight (closed bar), normal-weight obese (NWO; open bar), and obese (dotted bar) groups. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error (SE) and subjected to the Games–Howell post hoc test. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 versus the normal-weight group. ††P < 0.01; †††P < 0.001 versus the NWO group.

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  Fig. 3. Comparison of brown adipose tissue (BAT) vascular density. BAT vascular density was measured using NIR-TRS. Supraclavicular [total-Hb] is an indicator of BAT vascular density. The values of the normal-weight, normal-weight obese (NWO), and obese groups are indicated by closed, open, and dotted bars, respectively. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error (SE) and subjected to the Games–Howell post hoc test. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 versus the normal-weight group. No significant differences were observed between the NWO and obese groups.