Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Prospects

In this review paper we discuss the progress of lithium and lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in relation to their interest as storage systems in renewal energy source plans and as power sources for electric vehicles. We examine the status and perspective of all three battery components, namely, anode, cathode and electrolytes. The status of the so called "beyond lithium-ion batteries," including lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, sodium ion, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as the use of graphene as electrode material is also discussed.