Resveratrol reduces the inflammatory response in adipose tissue and improves adipose insulin signaling in high-fat diet-fed mice

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effects of RES treatment on body weight curve, body weight gain and subcutaneous/visceral adipose coefficients of mice in response to resveratrol treatment. (A) Body weight curve; (B) Body weight gain; (C) SAT coefficient; (D) VAT coefficient. aa, P < 0.01 vs. the STD group; b, P < 0.05 vs. the HFD group. Time** indicates exposure duration. Diet** indicates the variety of diet. Time × diet** indicates the interaction effect between treatment duration and variety of diet. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD.

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  Figure 2. Effects of resveratrol treatment on glucose homeostasis in mice. (A) Blood glucose during IPGTT after 17-week treatment; (B) AUC of IPGTT; (C) HOMA-IR; (D) Insulin sensitivity index.

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  Figure 3. Effects of resveratrol treatment on serum metabolic parameters. (A) Serum TG; (B) Serum TC; (C) Serum HDL; (D) Serum LDL. aa, P < 0.01 vs. the STD group; b, P < 0.05 and bb, P < 0.01 vs. the HFD group. The data are represented as the mean ± SD.

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  Figure 4. Effects of resveratrol treatment on serum cytokines. (A) MCP-1; (B) TNF-α; (C) IL-6. a, P < 0.05 and aa, P < 0.01 vs. the STD group; b, P < 0.05 and bb, P < 0.01 vs. the HFD group. The data are represented as the mean ± SD.

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  Figure 5. Effects of resveratrol treatment on mRNA and protein expression levels of a macrophage marker in SAT and VAT. (A) Immunohistochemistry staining of F4/80 (total macrophages) in SAT and VAT; (B) quantitative expression of F4/80 (total macrophages) is shown as relative density in SAT and VAT; (C) the mRNA expression of F4/80 in SAT and VAT. Original magnification is ×200 (scale bar = 100 μm). aa, P < 0.01 vs. the STD group; b, P < 0.05 vs. the HFD group. The data are represented as the mean ± SD.

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  Figure 6. Effects of resveratrol treatment on the target mRNA expression in SAT and VAT. (A) The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (CCR2, MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6); (B) the mRNA levels of GLUT4 and IRS-1 in SAT; (C) the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (CCR2, MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6) in VAT; (D) the mRNA levels of GLUT4 and IRS-1 in VAT. a, P < 0.05 and aa, P < 0.01 vs. the STD group; b, P < 0.05 and bb, P < 0.01 vs. the HFD group. The data are represented as the mean ± SD.

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  Figure 7. Effects of resveratrol treatment on the protein expression of CCR2, IRS-1, pAkt (phosphorylation at Ser 473) and GLUT4 in SAT and VAT. (A) Western blots of CCR2 and insulin signaling molecules in SAT; (B) Western blots of CCR2 and insulin signaling molecules in VAT; (C–F) CCR2, IRS-1, pAkt and GLUT4 protein expression levels in SAT; (G–J) CCR2, IRS-1, pAkt and GLUT4 protein expression levels in VAT. a, P < 0.05 and aa, P < 0.01 vs. the STD group; b, P < 0.05 and bb, P < 0.01 vs. the HFD group; c, P < 0.05 vs. the HFD-RES/L group. The data are represented as the mean ± SD.