GS-E3D, a new pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract, inhibited diabetes-related renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Fig. 1. Renal histopathology and albuminuria. (a) Periodic acid-Schiff staining of glomeruli. Scale bar equals 50 μm. (b) Glomerular volume and (c) albuminuria in the indicated study groups. NOR, normal rat; DM, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat; GS-E3D, DM treated with the indicated dose of GS-E3D. All data were expressed as mean ± the standard error of the mean (n = 8); *p < 0.05 vs. NOR group; #p < 0.05 vs. DM group

Fig. 2. Urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The urine levels of 8-OHdG (a) and AGEs (b) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. NOR, normal rat; DM, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat; GS-E3D, DM treated with the indicated dose of GS-E3D. All data were expressed as mean ± the standard error of the mean (n = 8); *p < 0.05 vs. NOR group; #p < 0.05 vs. DM group

Fig. 3. The effect of GS-E3D on renal accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). (a) Immunohistochemical staining for AGEs. Scale bar equals 50 μm. (b) Quantification of the AGE signal intensity. NOR, normal rat; DM, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat; GS-E3D, DM treated with the indicated dose of GS-E3D. All data were expressed as mean ± the standard error of the mean (n = 8); *p < 0.05 vs. NOR group; #p < 0.05 vs. DM group

Fig. 4. The effect of GS-E3D on α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in glomeruli. (a) Immunohistochemical staining for α-SMA. Scale bar equals 50 μm. (b) Quantification of the α-SMA signal intensity. NOR, normal rat; DM, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat; GS-E3D, DM treated with the indicated dose of GS-E3D. All data were expressed as mean ± the standard error of the mean (n = 8); *p < 0.05 vs. NOR group; #p < 0.05 vs. DM group