The first three-axis micro-force sensor with adjustable force range from ±20 µN to ±200 µN and sub-micro-Newton measurement uncertainty is presented. The sensor design, the readout electronics, the sensor characterization and an uncertainty analysis for the force predictions are described. A novel microfabrication process based on a double silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate has been developed enabling a major reduction in the fabrication complexity of multi-axis sensors and actuators.
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Muntwyler et al. (2009) studied this question.
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