In situ bismuth film modified screen printed electrodes for the bio-monitoring of cadmium in oral (saliva) fluid

We demonstrate that in situ bismuth film modified screen printed electrodes may be used for the bio-monitoring of cadmium(II) in artificial and diluted human oral (saliva) fluid at the low µg L−1 range. The analytical protocol is based on anodic stripping voltammetry where the bismuth film provides enhanced sensitivity for the electroanalytical deposition of cadmium(II) coupled with a simple change in pH of the oral (saliva) fluid sample permitting quantitative measurements in an electrochemically challenging media.