Local and geographical variation in the Pinus mugo Turra complex, and the degree and effects of natural hybridization between P. mugo Turra and P. sylvestris L. are studied using various multivariate techniques. Reciprocal introgressive hybridization between the eastern P. mugo ssp. mugo and the western ssp. uncinata (Ram.) Domin has resulted in a topoclinal east‐west variation in the complex. The frequency and significance of hybridization and introgression between P. mugo and P. sylvestris is apparently low.
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Knud Ib Christensen (1987) studied this question.
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