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A new stochastic cellular automaton (CA) model of traffic flow, which includes slow-to-start effects and a driver's perspective, is proposed by extending the Burgers CA and the Nagel–Schreckenberg CA model. The flow–density relation of this model shows multiple metastable branches near the transition density from free to congested traffic, which form a wide scattering area in the fundamental diagram. The stability of these branches and their velocity distributions are explicitly studied by numerical simulations.
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Nishinari et al. (2004) studied this question.
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