Computational assessment of blood lipid influence on hemodynamics in human retinal vessels

Figures

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  Fig. 1. The distributions of (a) velocity magnitude and (b) static pressure in the retinal vein network. The distributions of (c) velocity magnitude and (d) static pressure in the retinal artery network.

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  Fig. 2. The distributions of wall shear stress magnitude in the retinal (a) venous and (b) artery trees.

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  Fig. 3. The variation of viscosity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mu$$\end{document} versus diameter (D) of blood vessels for three values of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H_D$$\end{document}.

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  Fig. 4. The distributions of static pressure and velocity magnitude in retinal vein network for different hematocrit to mimic the influence of elevated blood lipids: velocity magnitude for (a) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H_D=0.49$$\end{document} and (b) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H_D=0.53$$\end{document}; static pressure for (c) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H_D=0.49$$\end{document} and (d) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek}…

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  Fig. 5. The distributions of wall shear stress magnitudes in the retinal vein network for different hematocrit to mimic the influence of elevated blood lipids. (a) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H_D=0.49$$\end{document} and (b) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H_D=0.53$$\end{document}.

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  Fig. 6. Illustration of the blockage of the S22 segment due to thrombus formation in the venous tree. Three cases are modeled with different blockage ratios: (a) Case B20: blockage ratio 20%; (b) Case B40: blockage ratio 40%; (c) Case B60: blockage ratio 60%. The red-colored lump is utilized to mimic the thrombus, which adheres to the endothelial lining of the blood vessel.

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  Fig. 7. Local distributions of velocity magnitudes with and without blockage around segment S22. (a) No blockage; (b) Case B20: blockage ratio 20%; (c) Case B40: blockage ratio 40%; (d) Case B60: blockage ratio 60%.

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  Fig. 8. Local distributions of wall shear stress magnitudes with and without blockage around segment S22 in the vicinity of the lump. (a) No blockage; (b) Case B20: blockage ratio 20%; (c) Case B40: blockage ratio 40%; (d) Case B60: blockage ratio 60%.

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  Fig. 9. (a) Illustration of the pre-processing treatment for original image for a healthy adult. (b) The marked-red artery tree and the marked-blue vein tree are examined in this study..

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  Fig. 10. Simplified outline of the image-based (a) retinal venous tree and (b) retinal arterial tree. The inlet (In1 to In18) and outlet (O1 to O20) are shown.

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  Fig. 11. The meshing strategy used for the vein vessels in this study: the Quads cells are used and clustered near the vessel surface and the Triangles elements are used in the middle region..

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  Fig. 12. The velocity profiles at the outlet for the retinal vein: the results are computed using the present vein mesh and the refined mesh, respectively.