Children ( N = 160), aged 3 to 4 years, generated stories describing the causes of six different emotions: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust, and sadness. The emotion was specified to the child either by a word (such as scared or disgusted) or by a photograph of a facial expression said to be a universal, biologically based signal for that emotion. For no emotion did the face produce significantly better performance than did the word. For fear and disgust, the word produced significantly better performance than did the face.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Russell et al. (2002) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: