Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions support the monophyly of Pylaisiaceae. The family includes Calliergonella Loeske, Homomallium (Schimp.) Loeske, Pseudohygrohypnum Kanda, Pylaisia Schimp., 2 further genera formerly placed in Hypnaceae, Ectropothecium Mitt. and Vesicularia (Müll.Hal.) Müll.Hal., as well as several species of Hypnum Hedw. recently considered to belong to Stereodon (Brid.) Rchb. Calliergonella, Ectropothecium, Pylaisia, Pseudohygrohypnum and Vesicularia, are monophyletic based on the present data, whereas Homomallium is resolved as a paraphyletic sister group to Pylaisia. Stereodon is excluded from Pylaisiaceae since its type species, S. callichrous (Brid.) Lindb., is resolved outside the Pylaisiaceae clade. Based on morphological and molecular evidence 2 new genera, Roaldia and Buckia, are described to accommodate the former Hypnum (Stereodon) species H. revolutum (Mitt.) Lindb. and H. vaucheri Lesq. respectively. The genus Pseudostereodon (Broth.) M.Fleisch. is re-established to accommodate Hypnum procerrimum Molendo. Morphological descriptions and illustrations of distinctive characters in these 3 taxa are provided and lectotypes for 2 names are designated. New distributional data is also provided for Roaldia new to Guatemala. A key to the genera of Pylaisiaceae is presented.
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