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A natural O/W sunscreen based on lignosulfonate, olive leaf extract, and propolis was developed. Formulations were evaluated for physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and sun protection factor (SPF). Results showed physical stability over 28 days with particle sizes of 2-28.53 μm and viscosities of 28-51 poise. The L3E3P10 formulation exhibited the highest SPF of 34.32. This phenolic combination synergistically enhances photoprotection.
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Sondari et al. (2026) studied this question.
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