The high relaxivity of [GdaDO3A]3− (r1p = 12.3 mM−1 s−1, 20 MHz, 298 K, τm = 30 ns) in water is maintained in serum solution because the binding of protein and endogeneous anions, e.g. HCO3−/CO32− is suppressed by electrostatic repulsion.
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Messeri et al. (2001) studied this question.
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