Bronchoscopically delivered microwave ablation in anin vivoporcine lung model

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. a) Flexible water-cooled microwave catheter. b) Distal tip of the catheter emerging from the instrument channel of a flexible bronchoscope, from within a guidance sheath.

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  FIGURE 2. System for bronchoscopic delivery of microwave ablation. Components include: flexible microwave catheter; microwave generator and pump for catheter cooling; Archimedes treatment planning, guidance and navigation system.

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  FIGURE 3. Example of planned target (green sphere) as seen on (a) pre-operative computed tomography image, (b) virtual map of lung airways and vessels with pathway how to access it (blue line), and (c) several close-up views of virtual map of airway and vessels, illustrating a path for accessing the target (green) from the airways.

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  FIGURE 4. Example of fused fluoroscopy-based verification of microwave applicator placement within the targeted lung region.

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  FIGURE 5. Example of ablation zone assessment in terms of maximum and minimum dimensions of central brown region as well as outer hyperaemic rim.

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  FIGURE 6. Example of computed tomography segmented ablation zones following 5 min, 32 W applied power (a) and for 30 W applied power (d). Corresponding gross images showing focal well-delineated targetoid lesion in the lung parenchyma in (b) and (c) for 32 W input power and (e) and (f) for 30 W input power. (c) (32 W) and (f) (30 W), show corresponding haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the lung with various zones marked 1–5 based on the histomorphology of the tissue post-ablation. “B” marks denote bronchi and “V” marks denote blood vessels. Numbers inside ablation zone represent various altered pathological changes (1–5) following ablation. Zone 6 represents unaffected lung.

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  FIGURE 7. Haematoxylin and eosin stained section of the lung showing various zones (1–5) representing histopathological changes in tissue following ablation and unaffected lung (zone 6).