Photoionization of small clusters of the refractory elements niobium, tantalum, and tungsten at 308 nm is interpreted in terms of a sequential two-photon excitation mechanism in which a rapid coupling between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom is proposed. Ionization is slow and may compete with dissociation. The analogy with thermionic emission is made.
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Amrein et al. (1991) studied this question.
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