The use of technical knowledge in European water policy‐making

Environmental policy‐making often involves a mix of technical knowledge, normative choice and uncertainty. Numerous actors, each with their own distinct objectives, are involved in these policy‐making processes. One question these actors face, is how they can effectively communicate their technical knowledge and represent their interests in policy‐making. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the use of technical knowledge and its impact on decision‐making in the European Union. This is done for case of water policy‐making for organic micropollutants, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals. These pollutants enter the surface water in many ways and although concentrations are low, adverse effects cannot be ruled out. Via the EU Water Framework Directive, legislation has been developed to reduce the emissions of pollutants that pose a risk to ecology or public health. Using the advocacy coalition framework, the formal EU decision‐making processes are analyzed for the identification of priority pollutants (Priority Substances) and the derivation of maximum allowable concentrations (Environmental Quality Standards). To enable a detailed analysis, the focus is on three specific micropollutants that pose health risks via drinking water supply. The findings show the extent to which actors can influence the decision‐making process with technical knowledge. Early involvement in the drafting process that is led by the European Commission is important to influence decision‐making outcomes. For this, organizational capacity in coalitions to mobilize and coordinate the required targeted contribution of technical knowledge is crucial.