Mannose-functionalized thermoresponsive microneedles for enhanced antigen delivery and immune activation

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

) and prolonged retention (72 h). Intracellular co-localization confirmed mannose receptor-mediated uptake of the antigen-carrier complex. Flow cytometry revealed 84.0% dendritic cell recruitment and 67.6% splenic lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, antigen-loaded HNM-MNs demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy in both the B16-F10 melanoma model and influenza B hemagglutinin (Hem) viral challenge model. This work introduces a dual-functional platform integrating mannose-targeted delivery and thermoresponsive release, offering an effective strategy to improve subunit vaccine efficacy by enabling precise antigen release and enhanced immune activation.