Systems of Systems, Cyber‐physical Systems, the Internet‐of‐things…whatever Next?

This paper considers the concepts of systems of systems, cyber‐physical systems, and the Internet‐of‐things. Although originating from different domains and perspectives, there is considerable convergence of the three concepts in terms of future complex systems, and it is concluded that the Internet‐of‐things is essentially a cyber‐physical system of systems which will require new approaches in systems engineering to be developed.