Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus

Figures

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  FIG 1. PHEV S1 ELISA sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios of serum IgG responses. Each line represents the dynamic of PHEV antibodies in PHEV- and control-inoculated groups. Each time point is represented by the S/P mean and standard errors. Colored bars represent the percentages of positive samples over time in pigs experimentally inoculated with PHEV (Mengeling strain; n = 12) or mock inoculated with culture medium (control group; n = 12). Samples with an S/P ratio of >0.6 (dashed line) were considered seropositive to PHEV.

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  FIG 2. Distribution of cumulative PHEV S1 IgG ELISA sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios from experimental serum samples collected at −7, 0, 3, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28, 35, and 42 dpi from pigs inoculated with PHEV (Mengeling strain; n = 12) to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity (DxSe), mock inoculated with culture medium (n = 12) to evaluate the diagnostic specificity (DxSp), and inoculated with PEDV (USA/IN/2013/19338E; n = 12), TGEV Miller (ATCC VR-1740; n = 12), TGEV Purdue (ATCC VR-763; n = 12), PRCV (ATCC VR-2384; n = 12), or PDCoV (USA/IL/2014; n = 12) to evaluate the analytical specificity (AnaSp). Samples above the S/P 0.6 cutoff (dashed line) were considered positive.

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  FIG 3. Within-herd seroprevalence distribution in the United States. Bars represent the frequency of farms (n = 104) with different levels of within-herd seroprevalence. Only the results of herds with at least two positive sows were displayed.

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  FIG 4. Geographic distribution of PHEV seropositive farms (herd prevalence by state) in the United States. The map indicates the percentages of PHEV-seropositive herds by U.S. state. The table indicates the total numbers evaluted and percentages of positive farms by state and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

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  FIG 5. Geographic distribution of PHEV seropositive sows (overal invididual prevalence by state) in the United States. The map indicates the percentages of PHEV-seropositive sows detected by state. The table indicates the total numbers evaluated and percentages of positive sows by state with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs).