Simple experiments demonstrate the importance of particle irregularity on the flow of granular materials. We introduce cellular automata to model these flows with rules that are derived from experiments. Automata that model nonspherical particles can reproduce a number of important features of the physical flows, including alignment of the particles, the formation of a complex channel region, the formation of defects in the body of the material, and the overall shape of the upper free surface of the material.
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Baxter et al. (1990) studied this question.
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