Isolation, identification, characterization, regulation, and application of lactic acid bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are found in diverse ecosystems, including plants, fermented foods, and the human body. Their complex nutritional needs challenge the development of universal media, prompting research into enhancing selectivity and using sustainable alternatives. LAB are identified through classical and molecular methods, like 16S rRNA sequencing. Regulatory frameworks, including GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) in the U.S. and QPS (Qualified Presumption of Safety) in Europe, provide structured approaches for LAB safety assessment, although safety must ultimately be established at the strain level; countries such as Brazil adapt these principles within their national regulatory systems. LAB metabolites have applications in food preservation and health-promoting probiotics. This review explores LAB sources, identification methods, regulation, and applications in various industries.