Voltage-mode universal filters using two current conveyors

Voltage-mode universal filters using two current conveyors are presented. These universal filters can realize low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, notch and all-pass filters. They have the following advantages: (i) orthogonal control of the natural frequency and quality factor by grounded resistors, (ii) easily converted into a voltage-controlled filter, (iii) low component spread, (iv) minimum active and passive components, (v) without match components except for all-pass applications, and (vi) low active and passive sensitivities. Experimental results that confirm the theoretical analyses are obtained.