Observations of electron phase-space holes (EHs) in Earth's plasma sheet by the THEMIS satellites include the first detection of a magnetic perturbation (δB_∥) parallel to the ambient magnetic field (B₀). EHs with a detectable δB_∥ have several distinguishing features including large electric field amplitudes, a magnetic perturbation perpendicular to B₀, high speeds (~0.3c) along B₀, and sizes along B₀ of tens of Debye lengths. These EHs have a significant center potential (Φ~kBTₑ/e), suggesting strongly nonlinear behavior nearby such as double layers or magnetic reconnection.
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Andersson et al. (2009) studied this question.
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