The impact of financial stressors on depressive symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review

Financial hardship was widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet its association with depressive symptoms in children and adolescents has not been systematically synthesized. This PRISMA-guided review examined associations between pandemic-related financial stressors and depressive symptoms in young people aged 4–19 years. Six databases were searched for quantitative studies using community-based samples, explicitly measuring pandemic-related financial stressors (distinct from pre-existing disadvantages) and depressive symptoms with validated scales. Owing to heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not appropriate; narrative synthesis with vote counting was conducted. Study quality was assessed using the NIH tool. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings were mixed, although 75% of studies at the lowest risk of bias reported positive associations, particularly with youth-reported stressors. Across studies, age was not a consistent moderator. Mediation analyses within studies suggested roles for family conflict, parental distress, relationship quality, and future uncertainty. Findings highlight the importance of subjective and relational processes.