The optical principles of indirect ophthalmoscopy were mastered by Gullstrand (I 9 I I) although his ophthalmoscope did not achieve wide popularity because of its complexity and limited field of view. Schepens (I947) demonstrated his binocular indirect ophthalmoscope 2I years ago in the United States of America. The instrument described here is a further stage in simplification (Figs I and 2). Our intentions in developing it were to reduce the overall weight and to miniaturize the light source without impairing the optical capabilities.
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Crock et al. (1969) studied this question.