3D reflection seismic imaging of natural gas/fluid escape features in the deep-water Orange Basin of South Africa

Many features indicative of natural gas and oil leakage are delineated in the deep-water Orange Basin offshore South Africa using 3D reflection seismic data. These features are influenced by the translational and compressional domains of an underlying Upper Cretaceous deep-water fold-and-thrust belt (DWFTB) system detaching Turonian shales. The origin of hydrocarbons is postulated to be from both: (a) thermogenic sources stemming from the speculative Turonian and proven Aptian source rocks at depth; and (b) biogenic sources from organic-rich sediments in the Cenozoic attributed to the Benguela Current upwelling system. The late Campanian surface has a dense population of > 950 pockmarks classified into three groups based on their variable shapes and diameter: giant (> 1500 m), crater (~ 700–900 m) and simple (< 500 m) pockmarks. A total of 85 simple pockmarks are observed on the present-day seafloor in the same area as those imaged on the late Campanian surface found together with mass wasting. A major slump scar in the north surrounds a ~ 4200 m long, tectonically controlled mud volcano. The vent of the elongated mud volcano is near-vertical and situated along the axis of a large anticline marking the intersection of the translational and compressional domains. Along the same fold further south, the greatest accumulation of hydrocarbons is indicated by a positive high amplitude anomaly (PHAA) within a late Campanian anticline. Vast economical hydrocarbon reservoirs have yet to be exploited from the deep-water Orange Basin, as evidenced by the widespread occurrence of natural gas/fluid escape features imaged in this study.