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Governing equations for describing electromagnetic phenomena in superconductors were derived by using the Helmholtz theorem. The Meissner effect, which is common to type-I and type-II superconductors, is treated by introducing the magnetizing vector M. The current flow due to flux invasion into the superconductor, which is a particular phenomenon in the type-II superconductor, is evaluated using the current vector potential together with constitutive equations expressing critical state models. Numerical results based on a two-dimensional finite-element code showed excellent agreement with analytical solutions.>
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Hashizume et al. (1992) studied this question.
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