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Stable and polarity-switchable free charges are written on the surface of a LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure using conducting atomic force microscopy. These charges reversibly tune the conductance at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface in a non-volatile way. The modulation in carrier density is large, ≈3 × 1013 cm−2, comparable to the maximum modulation achieved by the normal field effect.
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Xie et al. (2011) studied this question.
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