The effects of habitat changes caused by the spraying of herbicides on the breeding birds of regenerating clearcut woodland were studied for one pre-spray and four post-spray years. Aerial application of glyphosate caused large decreases in the abundance of vegetation. There was a substantial recovery of some plant taxa by the end of the second post-spray growing season, especially of Rubus spp. and various herbaceous angiosperms, and there was further recovery to the end of the fourth post-spray year. Between the pre-spray and first post-spray years, the densities of most common breeding species decreased on all treatment plots, including the reference
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MacKinnon et al. (1993) studied this question.