A general solution: In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering in a high-pressure pulsed injection reactor (see picture) shows that magnetite nucleation and growth are temporally separated. Gram-scale crystalline, pure phase, superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized without surfactants in supercritical water in less than one hour using a laboratory-scale continuous-flow reactor.
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Bremholm et al. (2009) studied this question.
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