A time-efficient protocol for transthoracic echocardiography during transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation: early identification and effective management of intraprocedural complications

Figures

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  Fig. 1. A Baseline echocardiogram showing small < 1 cm pericardial effusion (arrow). B A pericardial fat pad was noted on the baseline echocardiogram (arrow). This may be confused with a pericardial effusion on the post-deployment study. C A small pericardial effusion (arrow) was noted on the baseline study (Left). Post THV deployment the effusion enlarged (arrow) and required emergency pericardiocentesis (Right). D Long axis view showing wire-induced AR (arrow). The colour Doppler jet often ‘hugs’ the wire (Right). On the short axis view the wire-induced AR lies within the frame (Left) and is adjacent to the stiff wire (arrow). E On short axis a moderate jet of PVR can be seen at 3 o’clock with trivial jets at 10–12 o’clock. The jets lie outside the THV frame (Left). Apical 5 chamber view showing the PVR jet (arrow) outside the frame (Right). F A interventricular VSD was noted after deployment of a balloon expandable THV. The VSD was visible on the short axis (left) and long axis (right)

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  Fig. 2. Assessment flow chart