Case Report: Ischemic brain infarction and cognitive dysfunction syndrome in an aged dog

Figures

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  Figure 1. Transverse T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of CDS dog at the level of the interthalamic adhesion. The measurement of the interthalamic adhesion was 5.41 mm and heights of the right and left ventricles (ventricle to brain height ratio) is measured at 24–25% in the transverse view (A,B). Generalized broadened and deeply observed cerebral sulci, along with ventricular enlargement was also prominent at the sagittal view (C).

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  Figure 2. Transverse T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) magnetic resonance images of a dog with multifocal brain infarcts. Lesion locates in the right parietal (A–C) and occipital area (D–F) appears hyperintense with peripheral hypointensity (arrows) on T2 (A,D) and DWI (B,E), and hypointensity (arrowhead) on an ADC map (C,F).

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  Figure 3. Histopathological features of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular pathology in a geriatric dog with CDS. Severe vacuolation and neuronal necrosis in the precentralis interna and anterior subcallosal region of the cerebral cortex (A,B). Low magnification view showing extensive vacuolation (A). High magnification view highlighting pronounced neuronal necrosis (B). Intravascular microthrombi distributed in the perivascular spaces (C) and microhemorrhagic infarcts (D) in the right parietal lobe, consistent with ischemic brain injury. Reactive gliosis with numerous microglia and astrocytes closely associated with neurons, observed in the surrounding cortical areas (E). Pyknotic neurons and neurofibrillary tangle-like structures in the CA (Cornu Ammonis) 1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus, resembling features of human neurodegenerative diseases (F). Axonal degeneration and neurofibrillary tangle-like structures in the brainstem (G) and posterior cerebellum (H,I). Lewy bodies (circled) identified within neuronal cells in the brainstem, indicative of abnormal protein aggregation (J). Hemorrhagic infarcts in the inferior frontal gyrus (K) and subcallosal region of the anterior…

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  Figure 4. Congo red staining of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular pathology in a geriatric dog with CDS. Congo Red-positive vascular deposits in veins within less folded sulci on the cortical surface of the frontal area (A,B). Amyloid-like deposits in vessels of the prefrontal cortex, particularly in sulci on the cortical surface (C,D). Congo Red positivity in vessels of the marginal gyrus in the anterior (E) and posterior (F) cerebral cortices, with thickened vessels surrounding neurons. Reactive gliosis in the frontal gyrus near the caudate nucleus, characterized by increased astrocytes and microglia (G,H). Scale bar = 20 μm for all panels.