The naghma‐ye kashâl, the “extended instrumental piece”, is a genre of instrumental art music specific to Afghanistan. Prescriptive notations for 14 such compositions in a variety of melodic modes are presented. They were collected in the form of dictated oral notations in the 1970s from Ustad Mohammad Omar of Kabul and Ustad Amir Jan Khushnawaz of Herat. Some of these compositions are rarely heard today, and the aim is to put them on record for future generations of Afghan musicians. A preliminary analysis of the compositions is offered, and some guidance given for their performance.
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John S. Baily (1997) studied this question.
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