Long‐Term Performance of Bipolar Epicardial Atrial Pacing Using an Active Fixation Bipolar Endocardial Lead

Bipolar epicardial leads are not yet widely available for atrial use. Since September 1986, we have used a bipolar active fixation endocardial lead (Cardiac Pacemakers model number's 4266, 4268, and 4269) as a bipolar epicardial atrial lead by attaching the corkscrew tip to the atrial surface and imbricating atrial tissue around the more proximal electrode. A total of 77 bipolar epicardial atrial leads have been implanted using this approach in 72 patients with congenital heart disease (ages 3 months to 38.7 years; mean 8.9 +/- 8.8 years). Indications for atrial pacing included AV block (n = 46), sinus node dysfunction (n = 17), and antitachycardial pacing (n = 9). Indications for epicardial pacing included the presence of an intracardiac right to left shunt (n = 33), concomitant cardiac surgery (n = 26), surgeon preference (n = 7), and lack of transvenous access to the atrial endocardium (n = 6). Follow-up (median 23 months; mean 28.0 +/- 23.1 months; range 1-78 months) data beyond 1 month postimplantation were available for 44 leads. Atrial sensing was > or = 2.0 mV for 26 leads (59%) with sensing possible at > or = 0.75 mV for 42 leads (95%). Threshold data were available at 5 V for 37 leads and at 2.5 V for 36 leads with mean pulse width thresholds measuring 0.21 +/- 0.33 ms and 0.34 +/- 0.34 ms, respectively. Two leads failed (high capture thresholds at 5 days [n = 1], lead fracture at 42 months [n = 1]; one of which was replaced. Four additional leads were replaced electively (marginal thresholds [n = 1], intermittent phrenic nerve stimulation [n = 1], damaged during subsequent surgery [n = 1], clinically irrelevant insulation break [n = 1]) concomitant with additional cardiac surgery. Until a commercially available lead is developed and released, improvisation with a bipolar active fixation endocardial lead as a bipolar epicardial atrial lead is a reasonable approach to providing bipolar atrial sensing and pacing in patients for whom endocardial pacing is contraindicated.