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The induction of an appropriate immune response upon infection of an invading pathogen is controlled by host PRRs2 that specifically recognize essential structural components of infectious agents termed PAMPs (1–3). Detection of PAMPs by PRRs triggers intracellular signaling pathways leading to the expression of immune mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and type I IFNs. TLRs represent a now well defined PRR family because much has been discovered recently in terms of the PAMPs they interact with, the downstream signaling pathways triggered, and the complex yet specific immune responses elicited.
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Keating et al. (2008) studied this question.
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