Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising cell source for tissue engineering and cell-based therapies due to their capacity for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulatory effects (Pittenger et al. 1999 ). These cells can be isolated from a wide range of human tissues, including bone marrow (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue (AD-MSCs), dental tissues, such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), as well as umbilical cord cells (UC-MSCs), including Wharton’s jelly–derived MSCs (UC-MSCs-WJ) and umbilical cord blood–derived MSCs (UC-MSCs-CB) (Kern et al. 2006 ; Heo et al. 2016 ). The therapeutic potential of MSCs is closely linked to their functional properties, including their capacity to migrate to sites of injury, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue repair predominantly through paracrine signaling, in addition to limited proliferative and differentiation potential (Zuk et al. 2001 ).
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Watanabe et al. (2026) studied this question.
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