Innovations and developments in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS)

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) is a highly sensitive method for the determination of elements in samples while requiring a low sample volume. The analytes are converted to atoms at high temperatures in an electrothermally heated atomizer. Although line-source GFAAS continues to widely employed, high-resolution continuum source (HR-CS) GFAAS offers more accurate correction for matrix-induced spectral backgrounds. This article reviews recent innovations and developments in GFAAS, including instrumentation; the characterization of fundamental properties; progress in HR-CS GFAAS; sample preparation procedures including vapor generation, solid, and slurry sampling; elemental speciation; preconcentration/separation protocols; and direct analysis. The conclusion summarizes major developments and future directions in GFAAS.