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The average interaction of particles in a closed shell is consistent with the spectrum of the nucleus with two particles in the shell only if the correlations which are present in the two-particle case but not in the closed-shell case are considered. Realistic forces which induce large correlations give a sizable effect which is observable in the d5/2, d3/2, and f7/2 shells. This may be interpreted as a repulsive effective three-body force.
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G. F. Bertsch (1968) studied this question.
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