Prevalence and risk factors of depression, anxiety, and stress in an Ecuadorian outpatient population with type II diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study (STROBE)

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a worldwide disease with an important economic and health impact. Currently, depression, anxiety and stress are common disorders among diabetic populations but their respective prevalence may well be underestimated. So far, Latin American countries have only reported limited information about the impact of mental diseases on DM2 outpatients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress among ambulatory DM2 populations from two third-level hospitals in Quito, Ecuador. A cross-sectional study based on a random sample was carried out in two hospitals. Patients were evaluated by the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). In addition, a validated survey was used to grade socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, and comorbidity variables. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS (version 22.0). STROBE guidelines were used for reporting this trial. A total of 208 adult patients with DM2 were included (women 58%; men 42%). The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 31.7% (95% CI, 25.5-38.5%), 33.7% (95% CI, 27.3-40.5%), and 25.0% (95% CI, 19.3-31.5%), respectively. Male gender was associated with a decreased risk for depression (OR 0.39 [95% CI, 0.18-0.81]; P = .01), anxiety (OR 0.31 [95% CI, 0.16-0.65]; P = .002), and stress (OR 0.35 [95% CI, 0.15-0.77]; P = .009). A higher level of education was associated with low risk for depression (OR 0.23 [95% CI, 0.11-0.46]; P < .001), anxiety (OR 0.47 [95% CI, 0.25-0.90]; P = .02), and stress (OR 0.24 [95% CI, 0.12-0.49]; P = .001). In contrast, patients with DM2 complications were more likely to have depression (OR 2.96 [95% CI, 1.32-6.63]; P = .008) and anxiety (OR 2.56 [95% CI, 1.20-5.48]; P = .01). Finally, an income higher than the basic salary reduced the risk of depression alone (OR 0.39 [95% CI, 0.16-0.91]; P = .03). In conclusion, a high prevalence rate of depression, anxiety, and stress was found in the DM2 outpatient population. Thus, more tailored care surveillance for DM2 patients is needed considering the bio-psycho-social environment to provide an integral health management.