Transformation for inclusive conservation: evidence on values, decisions, and impacts in protected areas

As countries consider new area-based conservation targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity, protected areas and their social and ecological outcomes are coming under increasing scrutiny.We review the evidence base on protected area outcomes, combining rigorous impact evaluations with local case studies.We identify Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporationcharacteristics of protected areas establishment and management that produce more sustainable and just outcomes.We find that recognizing and respecting local values and knowledge about natural resource stewardship, co-learning and co-management are key to achieving positive social and ecological outcomes.Transforming protected areas governance towards more inclusive conservation depends upon their ability to be designed and implemented around the values and needs of local communities.