Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms and Strategies to Combat It

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health challenges of the twenty-first century. The rapid emergence of resistant microorganisms has reduced the effectiveness of antibiotics and threatens modern medical practice. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms responsible for antimicrobial resistance and discusses evidence-based strategies to combat resistant pathogens. A narrative literature review was conducted using microbiology, molecular genetics, epidemiology, and clinical medicine sources. The findings demonstrate that enzymatic drug inactivation, target modification, efflux pumps, and horizontal gene transfer are the primary biological mechanisms of resistance. Integrated interventions including antimicrobial stewardship, rapid diagnostics, vaccine development, and innovative therapies are essential for slowing resistance worldwide.