The year 2025 was the third warmest so far on record globally, at 1.43 ± 0.13°C above the 1850–1900 average. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations reached 152% of pre‐industrial levels, and ocean heat content set a new record, as it has every year since 2017. A record low maximum Arctic sea ice extent was observed in March, alongside the joint second lowest minimum in the Antarctic. Europe experienced its third warmest year, setting multiple new local and national monthly temperature records. This included an extended heatwave with daily temperatures above 30°C in sub‐Arctic Fennoscandia, and the warmest year on record for the UK.
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Sandford et al. (2026) studied this question.
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