The neuroimmune axis in cardiovascular disease: from immune activation to inflammatory resolution

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are driven not only by hemodynamic and metabolic stress but also by persistent sterile inflammation and defective resolution. Neuroimmune regulation has emerged as an important focus in cardiovascular research. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on the neuroimmune axis in CVDs and highlight how dysregulated autonomic immune communication promotes persistent inflammation, defective resolution, and adverse cardiovascular remodeling. We further emphasize that the neuroimmune axis may influence not only inflammatory activation but also the transition toward resolution and tissue repair, with its effects likely depending on disease stage and inflammatory context. Targeting neuroimmune pathways may help restore the temporal control of inflammation and promote cardiovascular resolution.